On what ethical basis?
Should one wish to seek an “ethical reason” for this “gradual decline in humanity”, it would be easy to trace it to contemporary literature. To justify mercy killing, the starting point was the reference to the principle of autonomy as it was spelled out by the Manifesto on Euthanasia in 1974, and reinforced in some countries by the request for the so-called “testament of life”; in this perspective, its morality would be focused in the fact that patients, knowing they can do what they wish with their life, also want to do what they wish with their death.
To reassure public opinion, the Dutch law at the time of its approval emphasized that the patient’s request must be insistent, lucid, preferably in writing; but with this new Dutch development, the wishes of the subject, who is obviously incapable of expressing a choice of his own because of his age, are overruled, and his will is substituted by the desire of others – parents or guardians, with the opinion of the doctor who interprets it. The doctor must also assess the pain and suffering of the patient and ascertain whether they are such as to justify inducing his or her death.
But then, it is no longer the principle of autonomy which is at stake, but rather an “external” decision which must be considered ethical even when it is imposed by an able, thinking adult on behalf of a subject who is incapable of making an evaluation or request: following this, death is deliberately forced upon the “beneficiary”, who dies like someone “put to death”: quite different from autonomy and a sense of compassion!
We are dealing with a type of freedom available to adults that is considered legitimate even when it is exercised over those who have no autonomy.
So, in order to justify euthanasia, there has even been an appeal for liberation from “useless” pain and suffering, as shown by the gentle prefix “eu” of the deadly term euthanasia (easy death). But what kind of suffering is involved? And to whom does this suffering belong?
The child or newborn infant, who as the paediatricians say suffers less than the adult, is not capable of evaluating or defining his or her suffering as unbearable; the person who assesses it, according to Dutch law, is the doctor, and those who consent and decide are relatives. Incidentally, is not this an issue of their own suffering?
Everyone then knows that in our time almost all pain has become “curable”; palliative and analgesic treatments, promoted, thanks be to God, throughout the world and prescribed by doctors and by health ministries, succeed in maintaining and harmonizing the humanity of treatments and the serenity of death.
The dignity of the sick person’s pain aside and the value of solidarity that innocent suffering raises, should pain and suffering be treated by recourse to the violence of inducing premature death?
We should think seriously about the possible appearance of a kind of “social Darwinism” that is intended to facilitate the elimination of human beings burdened by suffering or defects, all in order to “anaesthetize” the whole of society. Darwin himself held that building hospitals for the insane, the disabled and the sick and passing laws for the support of the poverty-stricken were obstacles to human evolution (cf. C. Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex [1871], cited in J.C. Guillebaud, Le principe d’humanité, Editions du Seuil, 2001, p. 368), because such an attitude on the part of society would prevent or delay the natural elimination of defective persons.
It is not for nothing that certain commentators, also non-medical, have recently been reported in the newspapers as speaking of “eugenics in disguise”, with reference to this latest development in Dutch law concerning euthanasia.
The utilitarian drift
I think, however, that it would not be incongruous to focus attention on a utilitarian mindset that is steadily penetrating Western society, together with the ideology of the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain. This ideology is backed by a utilitarianism linked to budgets and the allocation of resources in the field of medicine which is defined as “impossible” precisely because of its excessive cost for the community. This utilitarianism, given its budgetary links, stresses programmes involving an increase of wealth and productivity or industrial competition rather than the duty to relieve suffering and support the sick, persons who increasingly have to depend on the precarious situation of their own financial resources as they receive less and less assistance from the State.
So we have gone a long way not only from the ethic of freedom, but also from the ethic of solidarity. We are dominated by the society of the strong and the healthy and by the logic of the primacy of the economy. But are we still part of “humanity”?
The principle of humanity
Some scholars have noted the existence of a great contradiction in contemporary society, a sort of schiz-ophrenic split: on the one hand, the proclamation of “human rights” and the search for the definition of “crimes against humanity”, and on the other, the inability to define who the human person is, and consequently, what action should be deemed human or inhuman (cf. J.C. Guillebaud, Le principe d’humanité, Chap. I).
What it seems we are losing in our culture is the “principle of humanity”. Is it human to treat pain and to provide hospices for the sick afflicted with tumours or is it more humane to make available to those afflicted by incurable illnesses lethal drugs, whether they ask for them personally or their doctors presume that they would seek them if they could?
Who has the authority to decide whether a concept is “humane or inhumane”, when human nature, the ontology of the person and an adequate concept of human dignity have been denied? Does the person who is dying retain his or her human dignity so that no one can impose a despotism of life and death on one suffering and about to die?
This is the point: rediscovering human dignity, the dignity of every person who has value as such, a value that transcends earthly reality and is the source and purpose of social life, a good on which the universe converges (St Thomas Aquinas describes the person “quod est perfectissimum in rerum natura”), a good that cannot be exploited for any other interest by anyone (as the best of the secular moral traditions recalls, starting with Kant).
Biblical tradition sees in the human person’s dignity the “image and likeness” of the Creator and, particularly in Christianity, identifies it with Christ himself: “I was sick and you visited me” (cf. Mt 25). This is a matter of saving both the concept of humanity and the foundations of morality, with respect for the life and dignity of the human person.
The contribution of the Church
The Church’s position on the subject of euthanasia is well known, constantly reasserted and confirmed with the intention to uphold the dignity and life of every human being:
“It is necessary to state firmly once more that nothing and no one can in any way permit the killing of an innocent human being, whether a fetus or an embryo, an infant or an adult, an old person, or one suffering from an incurable disease, or a person who is dying. Furthermore, no one is permitted to ask for this act of killing, either for himself or herself or for another person entrusted to his or her care, nor can he or she consent to it, either explicitly or implicitly. Nor can any authority legitimately recommend or permit such an action. For it amounts to the violation of the divine law, an offence against the dignity of the human person, a crime against life and an attack on humanity” (Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Iura et Bona, Chap. II).
John Paul II’s Encyclical Evangelium Vitae, which reaffirms the moral condemnation of euthanasia as “a grave violation of the law of God, since it is the deliberate and morally unacceptable killing of a human person” (n. 65), insists on suggesting a quite different way, “the way of love and true mercy, which our common humanity calls for and upon which faith in Christ the Redeemer, who died and rose again, sheds ever new light”.
“The request which rises from the human heart in the supreme confrontation with suffering and death, especially when faced with the temptation to give up in utter desperation, is above all a request for companionship, sympathy and support in the time of trial” (n. 67). The Church, with her teaching, her activities and her own structures, constantly takes this view.
Europe, which is presenting itself to the world as a unity of peoples in solidarity in the name of “human rights”, and which can still today preserve a plurimillennial patrimony of humanist civilization marked by respect for the human person and the practice of solidarity, must reject every cultural trend inspired by utilitarian cynicism or by the primacy of the economy over the human being, in order to continue to draft legislation that supports men and women and their dignity in a supportive society.
